Abstract

This study uses the Push-Pull and Mooring (PPM) paradigm, which is based on migration theory, to examine the many reasons that are causing Omani clients to switch from conventional to Islamic banking.  Pull factors include perceived relative advantage, such as price, religion, and social status; mooring factors include switching cost, complexity, locked-in effects, and apathy; and push factors include customer satisfaction, trust, and service quality (interaction, physical environment, and outcome).  400 traditional banking clients in Oman's largest cities were given a structured questionnaire as part of a quantitative approach.  SPSS and AMOS were used to analyse the data using SEM.  The results show that switching intentions are highly influenced by interaction quality, customer satisfaction, and trust, but not by the physical environment or outcome quality. Among pull factors, religious motivation emerged as a strong determinant, whereas price and social prestige showed no significant effect. Mooring factors such as switching cost, complexity, and locked-in constraints significantly discourage switching, while apathy did not yield a significant impact. These findings suggest that while religious motivation, trust, and service interaction quality play pivotal roles in influencing switching, perceived complexity of Islamic banking procedures and institutional lock-in remain key barriers. To encourage consumer transition, Islamic banks must simplify offerings, provide transparent processes, and invest in staff training to enhance service interaction ensuring a more accessible, trustworthy, and customer-centric banking experience in Oman.

Keywords

Switching decision, Islamic banking, Service quality, PPM model, SEM, Switching barriers, Religion, Migration Theory,

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

  1. Abd-Elrahman, A.E.H., Hassan, S.A., El-Borsaly, A.A.E., Hafez, E.A.E. (2020). A critical review of alternative measures of telecommunications service quality. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 12(3), 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-08-2018-0066
  2. Abduh, M., Kassim, S., Dahari, Z. (2012). Customer satisfaction and switching behavior in Islamic banking: Evidence from Indonesia. School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, 4(1), 209-215.
  3. Agarwal, P.K. (2019). Drivers of bank/branch switching intentional behaviour in retail banking: Evidence from Indian banking customers. Marketing and Consumer Research, 54, 1-12.
  4. A'la Mawdudi, S.A. (2013). First principles of Islamic economics. Kube Publishing Ltd.
  5. Ali, M., Raza, S. A., Puah, C. H., & Amin, H. (2019). Consumer acceptance toward takaful in Pakistan: An application of diffusion of innovation theory. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 14(4), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2017-0275
  6. Al-Wishah, R.H., Al-Weshah, G.A., Abu-Hamour, H.M., Alzubi, K.N. (2022). Service quality and customer loyalty: Evidence from jordanian banks. Jordan Journal of Business Administration, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.35516/jjba.v18i4.454
  7. Amin, H., Rahim Abdul Rahman, A., Laison Sondoh Jr, S., Magdalene Chooi Hwa, A. (2011). Determinants of customers' intention to use Islamic personal financing: The case of Malaysian Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 2(1), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590811111129490
  8. Baabdullah, A. M., Alalwan, A. A., Rana, N. P., Kizgin, H., & Patil, P. (2019). Consumer use of mobile banking (M-banking) in Saudi Arabia: Towards an integrated model. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.09.002
  9. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  10. Bansal, H. S., Taylor, S. F., & St. James, Y. (2005). Migrating to new service providers: Toward a unifying framework of consumers’ switching behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(1), 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304267928
  11. Bayat, T., Kayhan, S. (2024). Contribution of Islamic banking to growth: Empirical analysis from a different perspective. Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.1347748
  12. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
  13. Bhattacherjee, A. (2002). Individual trust in online firms: Scale development and initial test. Journal of management information systems, 19(1), 211-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2002.11045715
  14. Bley, J., Kuehn, K. (2004). Conventional versus Islamic finance: student knowledge and perception in the United Arab Emirates. International journal of Islamic financial services, 5(4), 17-30.
  15. Brady, M.K., Robertson, C.J., Cronin, J.J. (2001). Managing behavioral intentions in diverse cultural environments: An investigation of service quality, service value, and satisfaction for American and Ecuadorian fast-food customers. Journal of International Management, 7(2), 129-149.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1075-4253(00)00041-7
  16. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
  17. Bugyei, G. (2019). Customers’ switching behaviour in the banking industry in Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 61(1), 1-8.
  18. Chau, P.Y.K., & Hu, P.J.-H. (2001). Information technology acceptance by individual professionals: A model comparison approach. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2001.tb00978.x
  19. Chen, C.J. (2019). Developing a model for supply chain agility and innovativeness to enhance firms’ competitive advantage. Management Decision, 57(7), 1511-1534. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2017-1236
  20. Chukwuemeka, O.O., Godswill Agu, A., (2016). Drivers of customer switching behaviour in Nigerian banking industry. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 4(2), 932–943.
  21. Clemes, M.D., Gan, C., Zhang, D. (2010). Customer switching behaviour in the Chinese retail banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 28(7), 519-546. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652321011085185
  22. Clemes, M.D., Gan, C., Zhang, J. (2014). An empirical analysis of online shopping adoption in Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.08.003
  23. Darmawan, D. (2022). Literature review on antecedents of customer switching behavior. Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society, 1(3), 1-5.
  24. Das Guru, R.R., Paulssen, M. (2020). Customers’ experienced product quality: scale development and validation. European Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 645-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-03-2018-0156
  25. Echchabi, A., & Aziz, H. A. A. (2012). Empirical investigation of customers’ perception and adoption towards Islamic banking services in Morocco. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(6), 849–858. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.6.1942
  26. Edward, M., Sahadev, S. (2011). Role of switching costs in the service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction and customer retention linkage. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(3), 327-345.https://doi.org/10.1108/13555851111143240
  27. Ernst Young. (2023). NextWave Consumer Financial Services: Banking’s trust deficit is built on apathy, not loyalty. EY Global. https://www.ey.com/en_us/insights/banking-capital-markets/nextwave-of-consumer-financial-services
  28. Errico, L., Sundararajan, V. (2002). Islamic financial institutions and products in the global financial system: Key issues in risk management and challenges ahead. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451859775.001
  29. Fadoua, J., Brahim, D. (2020). Financial stability of Islamic and conventional banks of the MENA region: post and pre-crisis of CAMELS framework. International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research, 4(2), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v4i2.784
  30. Faiza, K. (2023). Determinants of consumers’ decision to switch to Islamic banking system: a case study of Oman. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 10(1), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/23477989221143833
  31. Fitch Ratings. (2024). Oman Islamic Banking Sector Faces Growth Constraints Despite Regional Momentum. FitchRatings.com. Retrieved July 21, 2025, from https://www.fitchratings.com
  32. Fragata, A., Lopes, L., Portugal, H. (2021). The importance of service value and corporate image on customer satisfaction in portuguese mobile banking services. Egitania Sciencia, 2(29), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.46691/es.v2i29.25
  33. Ganguly, A.K., Chattopadhyay, S., Bhattacharya, S. (2025). Perceptions of Semi-Urban Branch Personnel on Digital Banking Consequences. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 8(1), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.54392/ajir2516
  34. Gardner, R.W. (1981). Macrolevel influences on the migration decision process. In Migration, decision making, Pergamon, 59-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-026305-2.50009-7
  35. Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desirable? Marketing Bulletin, 2, 66–70. https://marketing-bulletin.massey.ac.nz/V2/MB_V2_N3_Garland.pdf
  36. Garland, R. (2002). Estimating customer defection in personal retail banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20(7), 317-324.
  37. Gerrard, P., Barton Cunningham, J. (2004). Consumer switching behavior in the Asian banking market. Journal of Services Marketing, 18(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040410536512
  38. Ghotbabadi, A.R., Feiz, S., Baharun, R. (2015). Service quality measurements: A review.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(2), 267-286. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i2/1484
  39. Grönroos, C. (1983). Strategic management and marketing in the service sector.
  40. Hafiane, M.A., & Allouch, F. (2021). Factors influencing adoption of Islamic banking in Morocco: An exploratory study. Business Perspective Review, 3(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.38157/business-perspective-review.v3i1.285
  41. Hassan, M.K., Aliyu, S. (2018). A contemporary survey of Islamic banking literature. Journal of Financial Stability, 34, 12-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2017.11.006
  42. Hati, S.R.H., Gayatri, G., Indraswari, K.D. (2021). Migration (Hijra) to Islamic bank based on push–pull–mooring theory: a services marketing mix perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1637-1662. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2019-0157
  43. House of Commons Treasury Committee. (2011). Competition and Choice in Retail Banking: Ninth Report of Session 2010-11. London: The Stationery Office Limited.
  44. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  45. Huat, T.C., Chin, T.A., Rasli, A., Yusoff, R.M., Tat, H.H. (2012). The effects of service quality, customer satisfaction on re-patronage intentions of ahotel's existing customers. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences, 1(8), 1.
  46. Huntswood. (2025). Consumer apathy or barriers to switch? Huntswood Insights. https://www.huntswood.com/insights/consumer-apathy-or-barriers-to-switch
  47. Ibrahim, A.A., Hussein, J.M., Kulmie, D.A. (2024). Islamic banking in Africa: A booming market with growing pains. International Journal of Religion, 5(9), 318-333. https://doi.org/10.61707/3dg7rh70
  48. IBS Intelligence. (2024). Islamic Banks in Oman Struggle with Digital Infrastructure and Liquidity Tools. IBSIntelligence.com.
  49. International Monetary Fund. (2017). Ensuring Financial Stability in Countries with Islamic Banking.
  50. Iqbal, Z., Mirakhor, A. (2011). An introduction to Islamic finance: Theory and practice, John Wiley & Sons, 687.
  51. Jeong, D., Ko, E., Taylor, C.R. (2023). Do not touch the Merchandise! Factors associated with consumer preference for contact free shopping. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113261. 154, 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.025
  52. Jones, M.A., Mothersbaugh, D.L., Beatty, S.E. (2000) Switching barriers and repurchase intentions in services. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00024-5
  53. Juga, J., Juntunen, J., Grant, D.B. (2010). Service quality and its relation to satisfaction and loyalty in logistics outsourcing relationships. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 20(6), 496-510. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604521011092857
  54. Karki, P.R. Sahoo, Determinants of Perceived Service Quality using 5Q Model and its impact on Patient Satisfaction and Patient Loyalty. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 8(2), (2025) 142–158. https://doi.org/10.54392/ajir2529
  55. Keaveney, S.M. (1995). Customer switching behavior in service industries: An exploratory study. Journal of marketing, 59(2), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900206
  56. Kerlinger, F.N. (1966). Foundations of behavioral research.
  57. Khan, M.M. (2019). Islamic banking and finance: Shariah governance in theory and practice. Journal of Management Research, 11(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v11i2.14141
  58. Kiran, F., Ibrahim, D.N.B., Shaharuddin, M.D.A.B. (2021). Determinants of Switching Barriers among Oman’s Retail Banking Consumers. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(3), 2735.
  59. Kotler, P. (1973). The major tasks of marketing management. Journal of marketing, 37(4), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297303700407
  60. Lee, E.S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
  61. Li, Q., Zheng, Q. (2013). Chinese customers' loyalty to international consulting firms. The Service Industries Journal, 33(15-16), 1495-1513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2011.635300
  62. López-Miguens, M.J., Vázquez, E.G. (2017). An integral model of e-loyalty from the consumer's perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 397-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.003
  63. Makudza, F. (2021). Augmenting customer loyalty through customer experience management in the banking industry. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 28(3), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-01-2020-0007
  64. Matell, M.S. Jacoby, J. (1972) Is there an optimal number of alternatives for Likert-scale items? Effects of testing time and scale properties. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56(6), 506–509. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0033601
  65. Metwally, M. (1996). Attitudes of Muslims towards Islamic banks in a dual-banking system. American Journal of Islamic Finance, 6(1), 11-17.
  66. Minaz, M.N.M., Nihla, A. M. F. F., MNF, N., & Hilmy, H. M. A. (2023). The switching behaviours of customers from conventional banks to Islamic Banks: a study based on bank customers of Sri Lanka. 11th Annual International Research Conference, AiRC.
  67. Misbah, H. (2014). Customer switching behaviour: an exploratory study of predictive factors in the UK retail-banking context.
  68. MNM, M., Nihla, A.M.F.F., MNF, N., Hilmy, H.M.A. (2023). The switching behaviors of customers from conventional banks to Islamic Banks: a study based on bank customers of Sri Lanka.
  69. Mohamed, S., Goni, A., Alanzarouti, F., Al Taitoon, J. (2020). ICD-REFINITIV Islamic Finance Development Report (2020). Progressing through Development. Retrieved from https://icd-ps.org/uploads/files/ICD-Refinitiv%20IFDI%20Report%2020201607502893_2100.pdf
  70. Mohsan, F., Nawaz, M.M., Khan, M.S., Shaukat, Z., Aslam, N. (2011). Impact of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and intentions to switch: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. International journal of business and social science, 2(16), 263-270.
  71. Moisseron, J.Y., Moschetto, B.L., Teulon, F. (2015). Islamic finance: a review of the literature. International Business and Economics Research Journal, 14(5), 745-762. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i5.9375
  72. Molho, I. (1986) Theories of migration. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 60, 526–556.
  73. Monferrer-Tirado, D., Estrada-Guillén, M., Fandos-Roig, J.C., Moliner-Tena, M.Á.,Sanchez Garcia, J. (2016). Service quality in bank during an economic crisis. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 34(2), 235-259.
  74. Moon, B. (1995). Paradigms in migration research: exploring'moorings' as a schema. Progress in human geography, 19(4), 504-524. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259501900404
  75. Morgan, M.S., Dev, C.S. (1994). An empirical study of brand switching for a retail service. Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359(94)90036-1
  76. Mosavi, S.M., Sangari, M.S., Keramati, A. (2018). An integrative framework for customer switching behavior. The Service Industries Journal, 38(15-16), 1067-1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1428955
  77. Murad, M. M. M. (2011). Direct and moderating factors affecting customer-switching intentions: An empirical study on Bank of Palestine and Cairo Amman Bank in Gaza Strip. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Islamic University, of Gaza, Gaza Strip.
  78. Nautwima, J.P., Asa, A.R. (2022). The impact of quality service on customer satisfaction in the banking sector amidst Covid-19 pandemic: A literature review for the state of current knowledge. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 8(3), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.83.1004
  79. Novikov, V., Britikova, E., Yarushkina, E., Kovalenko, L. (2020). Islamic banking in the global financial system: current situation and global environment. In 5th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2019) Atlantis Press, 138-143.
  80. Park, H., Kim, J.D. (2020). Transition towards green banking: role of financial regulators and financial institutions. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 5(1), 1-25.
  81. Puengwattanapong, P., Leelasantitham, A. (2022). A holistic perspective model of plenary online consumer behaviors for sustainable guidelines of the electronic business platforms. Sustainability, 14(10), 6131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106131
  82. Qi, Z., Ariffin, S.K. (2022). A Conceptual Model to Determining the Antecedents of Mobile Payment Loyalty: A Cognitive and Affective Perspective. Global Business & Management Research, 14.
  83. Rajaobelina, L., Brun, I., Prom Tep, S., Arcand, M. (2018). Towards a better understanding of mobile banking the impact of customer experience on trust and commitment. Journal of financial services marketing, 23(3), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-018-0051-z
  84. Rama, A. (2020). Strategic pricing by Islamic banks and the impact on customer satisfaction and behavioral intention. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(10), 2017-2033.
  85. Riahi, Y., Garrouch, K. (2023). A model explaining perceived investment value and switching intentions toward FinTech: the case of crowdlending. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 1. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-023-00222-y
  86. Rogers, E.M. (1995). Lessons for guidelines from the diffusion of innovations. The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement, 21(7), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1070-3241(16)30155-9
  87. Roos, I. (1999). Switching processes in customer relationships. Journal of Service Research, 2(1), 68-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467059921006
  88. Saifuzzaman, M., Mahmood, R., Rosli, N.S. (2023). Effects of Relative Advantage, Complexity, Social Influence, and Awareness on Islamic Banking Adoption in Bangladesh. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(10), 1005-1018. https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.701079
  89. Singh, R., Das, G. (2013). The impact of job satisfaction, adaptive selling behaviors and customer orientation on salesperson's performance: exploring the moderating role of selling experience. Journal of business & industrial marketing, 28(7), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-04-2011-0121
  90. Singh, R.P., Khan, M.S., Alexandra, Y., Purnamaningsih, P. (2025). The Mediating Role of E-Customer Satisfaction in Shaping E-Customer Loyalty: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia’s Travel Agency Sector. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 8(2), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.54392/ajir25210
  91. Sommerville, M., Jones, J.P., Rahajaharison, M., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010). The role of fairness and benefit distribution in community-based Payment for Environmental Services interventions: A case study from Menabe, Madagascar. Ecological Economics, 69(6), 1262-1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.005
  92. Susriyanti, S., Krisna, N.L., Lusiana, L., Nardo, R. (2023). Creating customer loyalty through commitment to quality of service model of brady cronin. International Journal of Applied Management and Business, 1(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijamb.v1i1.458
  93. Szopiński, T. (2021). Impact of consumer awareness on switching behavior in banking. Contemporary Economics, 15(4), 467-478.
  94. TAB Insights (2024) The world's largest banks 2024: Global rankings by total assets.
  95. Taherdoost, H. (2019). What is the best response scale for survey and questionnaire design: Review of different lengths of rating scale / attitude scale / Likert scale. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 8. https://hal.science/hal-02557308
  96. Tang, Z., Chen, L. (2020). An empirical study of brand microblog users’ unfollowing motivations: The perspective of push-pull-mooring model. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102066
  97. Tedjokusumo, C., Murhadi, W.R. (2023). Customer satisfaction as a mediator between service quality and customer loyalty: a case study of Bank Central Asia. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 27(2), 156-170. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol27.iss2.art3
  98. Usman, H. (2015). The role of religious norms on selecting the Islamic bank. Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 7(1), 31-44.
  99. Usmani, M.M.T. (2021). An introduction to Islamic finance.Brill, 20.
  100. Wajdi Dusuki, A., Irwani Abdullah, N. (2007). Why do Malaysian customers patronise Islamic banks?. International journal of bank marketing, 25(3), 142-160. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320710739850
  101. Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.). University of California Press.
  102. Widana, G.O., Dzulkarnaen, M.A. (2022) The Customer Switching Intention from Conventional to Islamic Bank. Seybold Report, 17(6), (2022) 50-59.
  103. Widiyaningsih, B., Ula, L.F., Mustamim, M. (2021). Switching Behaviour of Non-Muslim Costumers to Indonesian Islamic Bank at The Jombang Branch. INCOME: Innovation of Economics and Management, 1(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.32764/income.v1i1.1435
  104. Wu, Y.C., Tsai, C.S., Hsiung, H.W., Chen, K.Y. (2015). Linkage between frontline employee service competence scale and customer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(3), 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-02-2014-0058
  105. Yaqub, R.M.S., Akram, H.M.Z., Ahmed, N., Ali, M.Q. (2023). Moderating Role of Worth of Win-Back Offer on the Relationship of Post Purchase Regret, Social Capital, and Prior Experience with Switch Back Intentions among Prepaid Mobile Subscribers. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 1013-1026. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0413
  106. Yu, S.-W., Liu, J.-Y., Lin, C.-L., & Su, Y.-S. (2022). Applying the Push-Pull Mooring to Explore Consumers’ Shift from Physical to Online Purchases of Face Masks. Mathematics, 10(24), 4761. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10244761
  107. Yudiana, F.E. (2021). Exploration of Switching Behavior of Sharia Banking Customer in Indonesia with Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable. In Annual International Conference on Islamic Economics and Business (AICIEB), 1, 227-238.
  108. Yusfiarto, R., Sunarsih, S., Darmawan, D. (2023). Understanding Muslim is switching from cash to m-payments: based on push-pull-mooring framework. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 14(2), 342-365. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2021-0135